Minnesota Landlord Tenant Law - Click here to return to US Landlord

	Periodic Tenancy Leases
	Definite Term Leases
	Length Restrictions for Some Leases

Single-Metered Residential Buildings

	Payments
	Late Fees
	Raising the Rent

	Calling in an Inspector
	Rent Escrow
	Withholding Rent
	Using the Tenant’s Remedies Act
	Rent Abatement

	Neighborhood Organizations
	Condemned Dwellings

	For Periodic Tenancies
	For Definite Term Tenancies
	Holdover Tenants
	Section 8

	Interest
	Taking the Matter to Court

	Unlawful Detainer Actions
	Storage of Personal Property
	To Get the Property Back
	Eviction for Illegal Activities
	Seizure of Property

	Regulated Utilities
	Unregulated Utilities
	Regulations for Disconnection

According to Minnesota law, when the owner of a house, apartment, room or other living space agrees to give to someone else – for a fee – the temporary use of that place, the two have entered into a legally binding rental contract. It doesnÕt matter if the agreement is oral or in writing. It is an agreement to rent, and that means some of its most important terms are automatically defined by law. Some of these terms arefixed – that is, neither landlord nor tenant can change them. Other terms can be whatever the landlord and tenant want if both parties agree. The following pages describe what the law requires of both landlords and tenants in a typical rental agreement.

1. INSPECTING THE UNIT BEFORE SIGNING A LEASE
Prospective tenants should be allowed to see the rental unit before they pay any money. They should also be allowed to inspect the utilities – the appliances, the electrical system, the plumbing, heating and lights – as well as locks and windows. Prospective tenants may, if they choose, list the problems they discover, and may request the landlord sign the list before the potential tenants sign a lease. Landlords can refuse to cooperate (these are not ÒrightsÓ legally enforceable in court), but cooperation is advised. To have a list is in the best interest of both landlord and tenant, since it protects all parties if there is a disagreement about who is responsible for any repairs.

2. REQUIRED MANAGEMENT BACKGROUND CHECK
The law requires landlords to do a background check of every manager employed, or applying to be employed, by the landlord. (1) A manager is anyone who is hired, or applying to be hired, by a landlord, and would have access to tenantsÕ units when necessary. (2) Background checks are done by the Superintendent of the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension (BCA), to find out if the manager has a criminal history. The following guidelines have been established by law for landlords to follow when hiring a manager. If a person is convicted of first or second degree murder; first degree manslaughter; first, second or third degree assault; kidnapping; first, second, third or fourth degree criminal sexual conduct; first degree arson; harassment or stalking, (3) the person may never be hired as a residential manager and may be fired if the manager was hired pending the background check. (4)
If a person is convicted of third degree murder; second degree manslaughter; criminal vehicular homicide or injury; fourth or fifth degree assault; simple or aggravated robbery; false imprisonment; theft; burglary; terrorist threat; or non-felony harassment or stalking, (5) the person may not be hired as a manager unless it has been ten years since the crime. (6) Also included in both groups is any attempt to commit one of these crimes, or a conviction for a crime in another state that would be a crime under MinnesotaÕs background check law. (7)
By July 1, 1996, all landlords must have requested a background check for all currently employed managers.(8) For a sample form, to obtain information regarding a background check, or to begin the background check process, owners and landlords can contact the Minnesota BCA, Criminal Justice Information System, 1246 University Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55104. Or call (651) 642-0670. Landlords must pay a fee for each background check. (9)

3. APPLICATION FEES
Some landlords require prospective tenants to pay an application fee. Many landlords do not. If required,the fee is used to cover the cost of checking the tenantÕs references. Prospective tenants should ask if an application fee is required and, if so, the amount of the fee. Tenants should also ask if application fees arebrefundable and request a receipt for payment.

4. SECURITY DEPOSITS
Landlords have the right to require tenants to pay a security deposit (sometimes called a Òdamage depositÓ). This is money paid by the tenant and held by the landlord to pay for any damage, beyond ordinary wear and tear, the tenant might do to the rental unit. It can be used to pay for any unpaid rent, or any money the tenant owes to the landlord under the lease or another agreement. (10) The security deposit cannot be used by the tenant to pay the rent. (11)

Amount of the Deposit
Minnesota law does not limit the amount a landlord may require as a security deposit. A landlord can
increase the amount of the security deposit at any time during a Òperiodic tenancyÓ (a rental agreement in which no final date is mentioned), but only if the tenant is given proper advance written notice. Generally, this is one rental period plus a day. (See Page 17 for an explanation of Òproper notice.Ó) If the deposit amount is stated in the rental agreement, and the rental agreement has a definite ending date, no changes in the deposit can be made unless both parties agree to the changes or the lease allows for changes. At the end of the tenancy, the landlord must return the deposit to the tenant with interest. (12) (Presently, the required interest rate is 3 percent. See the chart below.) The landlord may keep the amount necessary to repair any damage done to the unit by the tenant (beyond ordinary wear and tear), or to pay off other debts, including any unpaid rent. (13) (See Page 18 for landlord and tenant rights in the refund of security deposits.)

The law requires tenant screening services to disclose:
1) All information in the individualÕs file at the time of the request.
2) The source of information.
3) A list of all people who received a copy of the report in the past year.
4) A statement of the tenant's rights regarding these reports. (18) Upon furnishing proper identification
(photo id, date of birth, social security number, etc.) individuals may get a copy of their report by mail,
phone, in person or any other means available to the screening agency. (19)

A copy of a tenant's report must be given to the tenant without charge if, in the past 60 days, this information was used to deny a rental application or to increase the rent or security deposit of a residential housing unit. A person may also obtain a free copy of the report if the person receives public assistance, intends to seek employment within the next 60 days, or has reason to believe that their file contains inaccurate information due to fraud. Otherwise, the agency may charge a fee of $8 for the report. (20)

If a person feels the tenant report is incomplete or inaccurate, the person can require the tenant screening service to reinvestigate and record the current status of the information. If the information is found to be inaccurate or cannot be verified within 30 days, it must be deleted from the tenant's file. The agency must give the tenant written notice of the resolution of the dispute; and, if information was changed, the tenant can require that notice of the change also be sent to anyone who received the report within the last six months. If the reinvestigation does not resolve the dispute, the tenant may write an explanation of the problem to be included in the report. The screening service may limit this explanation to 100 words. (21)

If a landlord uses information in a tenant report to deny rental, increase the security deposit, or increase rent of a residential housing unit, the landlord is required to:
1) Provide oral, written or electronic notice of the adverse action to the tenant.
2) Provide the name, address and phone number of the screening service who prepared the report.
3) Inform the tenant of the right to obtain a free copy of the report from the screening service. (22)

Also, a landlord could disclose the contents of the report to the tenant directly. A tenant screening service may not prohibit a landlord from doing this. (23)
A tenant screening service cannot provide tenant reports containing information on Unlawful Detainer
actions in Ramsey County and Hennepin County unless the tenant report accurately records the outcome of the proceeding. The outcome may be a settlement, entry of judgment, default or dismissal of the action. In other counties tenant reports may contain information on Unlawful Detainer actions, and the outcome of the proceeding must be provided by the court when available. (24)

6. THE LEASE
The terms of any rental agreement are stated in the lease. This can be either a signed, written document, or an oral understanding. The landlord may ask for the tenantÕs full name and date of birth on the lease. (25) If a building contains more than 12 residential units, a written lease is required to rent one of the units. (26) An owner who fails to provide a written lease as required is guilty of a petty misdemeanor. (27) If there are fewer than 12 residential units, an oral understanding is sufficient to rent one of the units.

Any tenant with a written lease must be given a copy of the written lease. If legal action is taken to enforce a written lease (except for the nonpayment of rent, disturbing the peace, malicious destruction of property, or having controlled drugs on the premises), it is a defense for the tenant to show that the landlord did not give the tenant a lease. The landlord can argue against this defense by showing that the tenant had actual knowledge of the terms of the lease. (28)

If a tenant builds or buys a home, changes jobs or has health problems that require relocation, a tenant does not have a legal right to get out of a lease. A signed lease is legally binding, unless the lease itself contains provisions which allow a tenant to break the lease. The only exception to this rule is that the 'personal representative' of a renterÕs estate may terminate a lease upon the death of the renter after two full months' written notice. (29)
There are two kinds of leases and the laws are different for each:
1) The periodic tenancy lease (which is generally a month-to-month, automatic renewal rental agreement).(30)
2) The definite term lease (a rental agreement specifying a definite rental period, generally six months or
a year). (31)

Periodic Tenancy Leases
If there is nothing mentioned about the length of the tenancy in the rental agreement, the lease is periodic. This means the rental period runs from one rent payment to the next. (32) For example, if the rent is due once a month, on the first of every month, the rental period runs from that day through the day before the next rent payment. In this case, that would be on the last day of each month.

A periodic tenancy is automatically renewed each rental period until it is ended by either the landlord or the tenant. The person ending the tenancy must give the other a Òproper notice.Ó The length of notice and the form it must take will be stated in the lease. (33) If the lease does not state a notice requirement, state law requires written notice be given one full rental period plus one day before the tenancy ends. (34) For example, a tenant with a month-to-month tenancy who wishes to leave at the end of June would have to give written notice no later than May 31. (See Page 17 for a more complete explanation of 'proper notice'.

Definite Term Leases
If the lease states how long the tenancy will last, (usually six months or a year), the agreement is a definite term lease. This type of lease is usually in writing. (If the lease is for more than a year, it must be in writing.) Definite term leases generally state what kind of notice is required to end the tenancy. If there is no notice requirement, the tenancy automatically ends on the day the lease says it does, unless the landlord and tenant agree (preferably in writing) to some other kind of arrangement. (35)

Length Restrictions for Some Leases
If an owner has received notice of a contract for deed cancellation notice or a mortgage foreclosure sale, the owner may not enter into a long-term lease with a tenant until one of several events happens: for example, the contract for deed is reinstated, payments under the mortgage are caught up, the mortgage is reinstated or paid off, or a receiver is appointed for the property. Instead, the owner or landlord may enter into a periodic tenancy lease with a term of two months or less, or a definite term lease with a term not extending beyond the cancellation or redemption period. (36)
7. DISCLOSURE TO THE TENANT
Before signing a lease, paying rent or paying a security deposit, a prospective tenant must be given a copy of all outstanding inspection orders for which a citation has been issued. (Citations are issued by a housing inspector when a housing code is violated and the health or safety of tenants is threatened.) In addition, a tenant or prospective tenant must be given a copy of all outstanding condemnation orders and declarations that the property is unfit for human habitation. (37)

If the inspection order results in a citation but does not involve violations that threaten the health and safety of the tenant, the landlord (or person acting for the landlord) must post a summary of the inspection order in an obvious place in each building affected by the order. The landlord (or person acting for the landlord) must also post a notice that the inspection order is available for review by tenants and prospective tenants. (38)

A landlord (or person acting for the landlord) has not violated these requirements if the housing inspector has not issued a citation, the landlord has received only an initial order to make repairs, the time allowed to finish the repairs has not run out, or less than 60 days has passed since the deadline for making the repairs. (39)

Additionally, landlords who rent units built before 1978 must disclose all known lead-based paint and
lead-based paint hazards in the unit, include a warning in the lease, and give renters a copy of the EPA's pamphlet ÒProtect Your Family from Lead in Your Home.Ó (40) Lead-based paint that is peeling (or its dust) may be especially hazardous to childrenÕs health. Tenants who suspect that they have a lead-paint problem or would like to get more information, should call the National Lead Information Clearinghouse at 1-800-424-5323 (TTY: 1-800-526-5456) and request a copy of the EPA's pamphlet 'Protect Your Family from Lead in Your Home.'
8. UTILITIES
The lease should state who is responsible for paying which utility bills. In some cases the landlord pays for heat, electricity, and water. Sometimes the tenant is responsible for these bills. If this issue is not addressed in the lease, the tenant and landlord should work out their own understanding. It is good to put this agreement in writing, and have it signed by both parties. Information about utility shut-offs is found on Page 24.

Single-Metered Residential Buildings
If the utilities in a building are handled by one meter, the landlord is required to contract with the utility for service. (41) The landlord must notify the utility company that services are to a single-metered building. (42) This law does not apply to buildings with separate meters for each unit. (43) This law cannot be waived in any lease and applies to all leases entered into on, or after, August 1, 1995. (44)
If a landlord violates this law, it is considered a violation of the landlordÕs duty to keep the property fit for use. (45) Also, it may be a violation of the landlordÕs duty to provide utilities to tenants. (46) The penalty for this violation is a maximum of $500 and reasonable attorneyÕs fees. (47) Note, also, that the law only applies to Òrental units.Ó It does not govern how tenants occupying a single-metered unit, perhaps under individual contracts, divide the utility bill between themselves.

9. MAINTENANCE
According to Minnesota law the landlord is responsible to make sure that the rental unit is:
1) Fit to live in.
2) Kept in reasonable repair.
3) Kept in compliance with state and local health and housing codes.
It is illegal for a landlord to deny responsibility for such things. These landlord obligations cannot be
waived. (48) Some repairs or maintenance duties (like yard work) can become the duty of the tenant if:
1) Both parties agree in writing that the tenant will do the work; and
2) The tenant is paid for the work, either by a reduction in rent or direct payment from the landlord. (See Page 12 for procedures to be followed in repair disputes.) (49)

10. UNLAWFUL DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY
The tenant must not abuse the rental property, and must pay for any damage the tenant causes beyond
normal wear and tear. A landlord may sue a tenant for the willful and malicious destruction of residential rental property. The party that wins may recover actual damages, costs, and reasonable attorney's fees, as well as other damages determined by the court. (50)

11. ALTERATIONS
The tenant cannot alter the rental unit without the landlordÕs permission. Ordinarily, a tenant is not allowed to paper or paint walls, resurface floors, dismantle or install permanent fixtures, alter woodwork or carpet, or make other changes without the landlordÕs permission.
the Tenancy.
 

If the tenant moves out before the lease ends, he or she is still responsible to pay the rent for the full term (if the lease is definite term), or for the full rental period (if it is a periodic lease), unless another tenant can be found to pick up the balance of the lease. However, the landlord must agree to release the original tenant from the lease.

Late Fees
The rent must be paid on the date it is due. When a tenant is late in paying rent, the landlord has the legal right to start eviction proceedings. (See Page 20 for an explanation of eviction proceedings.) If a tenant pays rent late, the landlord may require the tenant to pay a late fee. The lease must state how much the late fee will be and when it is due. The late fee must be a reasonable amount that compensates the landlord for actual damages resulting from late payment, but is not designed to penalize the tenant.

Raising the Rent
Under a periodic tenancy, a landlord cannot raise the rent unless he or she gives proper written notice.
Under a month-to-month tenancy, the notice is one rental period plus one day. (See Page 17 for an explanation of Òproper notice.Ó) During a definite term lease, rent cannot be raised unless the lease allows for an increase.

13. TENANT'S RIGHT TO PRIVACY
Generally, a landlord may only enter a tenantÕs unit for a Òreasonable business purpose,Ó after making an effort to notify the tenant. (51) If a landlord violates this law the tenant can take the landlord to court to break the lease, recover the damage deposit, and receive a civil penalty of up to $100 per violation. (52)
Examples of a reasonable business purpose include:

1) Showing the unit to prospective tenants. (53)
2) Showing the unit to a prospective buyer or insurance agent. (54)
3) Performing maintenance work. (55)
4) Showing the unit to state or local officials (i.e. fire, housing, health or building inspectors) inspecting
    the property. (56)
5) Checking on a tenant causing a disturbance within the unit. (57)
6) Checking on a tenant the landlord believes is violating the lease. (58)
7) Checking to see if a person is staying in the unit who has not signed the lease. (59)
8) Checking the unit when a tenant moves out. (60)
9) Performing housekeeping work in a senior housing unit. A senior housing unit is a building where 80
percent of the tenants are age 55 or older. (61)

A tenantÕs right to prior notice may not be waived in any lease. (62) However, the landlord may enter the unit without giving prior notice in the following situations:

1) When immediate entry is necessary to prevent injury to property or people due to concerns over
     maintenance, building security or law enforcement. (63)
2) When immediate entry is necessary to determine a tenantÕs safety. (64)
3) When immediate entry is necessary to comply with state law or local ordinance. (65)

If a landlord enters without giving prior notice and the tenant is not present, the landlord must give written notice to the tenant. (66) If the landlord violates this law, the tenant may recover up to $100 per violation in court. (67)

14. TENANTS MAY SEEK POLICE AND EMERGENCYASSISTANCE
A landlord cannot evict, penalize or limit a tenantÕs right to call the police or call for emergency assistance in response to a domestic incident or any other similiar situation. (68) Any lease provision that limits this right is illegal and void (69) and a tenant may sue a landlord for $250 or actual damages, whichever is greater, and reasonable attorney fees, for violations of this provision. (70) This law, however, does not prevent a landlord from taking appropriate action against a tenant for breach of lease, disturbing the peace and quiet of other tenants, damage to property, disorderly conduct, etc. (71)

Additionally, while no municipality may require eviction of a tenant or otherwise charge or penalize a
landlord for a tenantÕs use of police or emergency assistance, this law does not preclude local ordinances from penalizing landlords for failure to abate nuisances or disorderly conduct on rental property. (72)

15. REPAIR PROBLEMS
Minnesota law requires landlords to keep units in reasonable repair. This requirement cannot be waived. (73) However, the landlord and the tenant can agree the tenant will do certain specific repairs or maintenance if:
1) This agreement is in writing. (74)
2) The tenant receives something adequate in return (for example, a rent reduction or payment from the
     landlord for the work). (75)

If the tenant has trouble getting the landlord to make necessary repairs in the unit, there are six steps the
tenant can take:

1) File a complaint with the local housing, health, energy or fire inspector – if there is one – and ask that
    the unit be inspected.
 2) Place the full rent in escrow with the court, and ask the court to order the landlord to make repairs.
3) Withhold the rent by depositing it with the court administrator.
4) Sue the landlord in district court under the TenantÕs Remedies Act.
5) Sue in conciliation court or district court for rent abatement (this is the return of part of the rent, or, in extreme cases, all of the rent).
6) Use the landlordÕs failure to make necessary repairs as a defense to either the landlordÕs Unlawful
Detainer (eviction) action based on nonpayment of rent, or the landlordÕs lawsuit for unpaid rent.
Let's examine these one at a time.

Calling In An Inspector
If a local housing, health, energy, or fire inspector is called by the tenant, and the inspector finds code
violations in the unit, the inspector will give the landlord a certain amount of time to correct them. If the
landlord does not make corrections, the inspector has the authority to serve a summons on the landlord to appear in court. (76)

 A landlord cannot retaliate (strike back) by filing an eviction notice, or by increasing rent, or decreasing services, because a tenant contacts an inspector. (See Page 23 for more information about retaliatory landlord conduct.) (77)

Rent Escrow
Tenants may place rent in an escrow account when a landlord will not correct housing violations. Under the Rent Escrow Law, tenants can pay their rent to the court rather than to the landlord, and ask the court to order the landlord to make repairs. (78) The following are the rules and procedures for rent escrow that must be strictly followed. A tenant may wish to speak with a private attorney or legal aid office for advice before proceeding. As stated earlier, the housing inspector can order the landlord to make repairs if there are violations of the housing code. (79) It is important to contact the inspector and get a copy of the order. If the repairs are not made within the time the inspector orders, a tenant can deposit rent with the court administrator along with a copy of the notice of code violation. (80)

Even if there is no local housing code, Minnesota law says landlords must keep rental property fit to live in and in good repair. (81) If a landlord has failed to maintain the dwelling so it is fit to live in, has not kept the dwelling in good repair, has not complied with state and local health and housing codes, or has violated the written or oral lease, the tenant must notify the landlord in writing. It is very important that the tenant keep a copy of this letter. If the problem is not corrected within 14 days, the tenant can deposit rent with the court administrator along with a copy of the letter that was given to the landlord. (82)

A tenant may file a rent escrow action any time after the requisite notice or inspection orders have expired. To file a rent escrow action, a tenant needs to pay to the court administrator all rent, if any, that is due. (83) There is a small filing fee, but the administrator can waive the fee if the tenant cannot pay it. (84) The tenant must give the administrator a copy of the inspectorÕs order or the tenantÕs letter to the landlord. The tenant should estimate how much it will cost to make the repairs. The tenant must also give the administrator the landlordÕs name and address. A court administrator will help a tenant complete a rent escrow petition. (85)

Once the rent has been deposited with the court, the court administrator will schedule a hearing. The
hearing will take place within 10 to 14 days. In most cases, the court will notify the landlord of the hearing by mail. However, if fixing the housing code violation will cost more than the conciliation court limit  (currently $7,500) then personal service is required. Someone other than the tenant must give the hearing notice to the landlord. A sheriff can deliver the notice. (86) The landlord can take legal action to evict the tenant if the tenant does not deposit the full amount of rent in escrow. (87)

After the hearing, if the tenant proves that a violation exists, the judge may do any of the following:
1) Order the landlord to fix the problem. (88)
2) Allow the tenant to make the repairs and deduct the cost from the rent. (89)
3) Appoint an administrator to collect rent and order repairs. (90)
4) Return all, none, or part of the rent to the tenant. (91)
5) Order that future rent be paid to the court or that the rent be abated (eliminated or reduced), until repairs are made, or that part of the rent be abated or refunded. (92)
6) Fine the landlord. (93)

If the tenant does not prove that there is a housing code violation, or if the tenant does not deposit the full amount of rent with the court, then the money and deposit will be given to the landlord. (94)
A tenant must follow the other terms of the lease while paying rent into escrow. (95) According to Minnesota law, a tenantÕs rent escrow rights and remedies may not be waived or modified by any oral or written lease or other agreement. (96)

Withholding Rent
Tenants may withhold rent if there is a serious repair problem or code violation. Before withholding rent, the tenant should follow these steps:
1) Notify the landlord, preferably in writing, of the needed repairs (both parties should keep a copy) and give the landlord a chance to make them. (97)
2) Notify the housing, health, energy, or fire inspector (if there is one) if the landlord does not make the
repairs. (98)
3) Get a written copy of the inspectorÕs report. (99)
4) Notify the landlord in writing that all or part of the rent will be withheld until the repairs are made.
(100)

If a tenant decides to withhold rent, the tenant should be prepared to defend that action in court. It is very likely that the landlord will either sue for the rent or begin eviction proceedings. (101) But a landlord cannot retaliate (strike back) by filing an eviction notice or action because the tenant withheld rent or otherwise exercised the tenantÕs legal rights. (102) (See Page 23 for more information about retaliatory landlord conduct.) The tenant must not spend the withheld rent money. The tenant must bring the money to court when the tenant is summoned. Tenants who do not bring the money to court may not have their defenses heard and can be evicted.

If the court decides the tenantÕs argument is valid, it can do any number of things. It may, for instance,
order the rent be deposited with the court until the repairs are made, or it may reduce the rent in an amount equal to the extent of the inconvenience. (103) On the other hand, if the tenant loses, the tenant will have to pay all or part of the rent withheld, plus court costs. In some cases, the tenant may have to pay the landlord's attorneyÕs fees to avoid being evicted (but only if the lease allows this).

Using the Tenant's Remedies Act
Under the Tenant's Remedies Act, a tenant can sue for:
1) A health or housing code violation. (104)
2) A violation of the landlord's obligation to keep the rental unit in reasonable repair. (105)
3) A violation of an oral or written rental agreement or lease. (106)

Before going to court under this act, a tenant should talk to the landlord about the needed repairs and try to get the landlord to fix them.  If the landlord does not make the repairs within a reasonable time, the tenant should:

1) Notify the local housing, health, energy, or fire inspector, (if there is one)
2) Get a written copy of the inspector’s report.  This will describe the problem and allow the landlord a  certain number of days to repair it.  If no inspector has been used, the tenant must inform the landlord in writing of the repair problem at least 14 days before filing a lawsuit.
3) Wait for the required time to pass, and then if the repair work has not begun or progressed, bring suit in district court.  In court, then tenant must produce evidence that the problem exists (and should submit a copy of the inspector’s report if there is one).  The tenant must also explain how the problem can be resolved.

Rent Abatement
Before suing for rent abatement (reduction), the tenant should try to get the landlord to make the repairs.  Only after it appears the repairs won’t be made, and further requests seem fruitless, should the tenant try to bring a legal action for rent abatement.

The tenant should then be prepared to prove:
1) The existence of a serious condition(s) affecting safety, health or the fitness of the dwelling as a place to live.
2) The landlord was notified, or knew, or should have known, about the defective condition(s).
3) The landlord failed to repair the defective conditions(s), or repair it adequately, after having a reasonable time to do so.

Although it is unclear under present Minnesota Law how the amount of rent reduction (damages or money) should be determined, the tenant may be able to recover either:
1) The difference in value between the condition the rental unit would have been in had the landlord met the landlord’s legal duty to make repairs, and actual condition of the dwelling without the repairs.
2) The extent to which the tenant’s use and enjoyment of the dwelling has been decreased because of the defective conditions.

The tenant may sue for rent reduction in conciliation court if the amount the tenant is seeking is less than the maximum amount the conciliation court has jurisdiction to decide.  If the tenants claim exceeds the conciliation court maximum, a lawsuit would have to be brought in district court. Or, the amount the tenant is asking for would have to be reduced to the jurisdictional limit of conciliation court. (Currently, claims up to $7,500 can be decided in conciliation court).

16.  Defense
The tenant living in bad rental housing can also use the landlord’s failure to make necessary repairs as a defense to:
1) The landlord’s Unlawful Detainer (eviction) action based on non-payment of rent.
2) The landlord’s lawsuit for unpaid rent.  Again, the tenant should be prepared to show that the landlord was notified, or knew, or should have known, about the defective conditions, but failed to repair them despite having a reasonable chance to do so.

Neighborhood Organizations
A neighborhood organization is an incorporated group in a specific geographic area formed to promote community safety, crime prevention, and hosing quality in no-discriminatory manner.  A neighborhood organization can act on behalf of a tenant with the tenant’s written permission, or it can act on behalf of all tenants in a building with a majority of then tenant’s permission.

In most situations, a neighborhood organization acts much like a tenant.  A neighborhood organization can:

1) Call for an inspection of a building about which it has zoning concerns.
2) Take to court the owner of a building in which a housing violation may exits.
3) Act against all unoccupied buildings in its area

If a violation is found to exist, a judge can rule in favor of the tenant(s) and/or the neighborhood organization.  Among other options, the court can order the owner to comply with al hosing code, under the court’s jurisdiction, for up to one year.   Additionally, the court can rule against the owner of the building for reasonable attorney’s fees, not to exceed $500.

The court may appoint a neighborhood organization as the designated administrator for a building as a result of legal action.  When this happens, the administrator may collect rent, contract for materials and service to remedy violations, and perform other duties as outlined by the court.

Condemned Dwellings
A landlord is prohibited from renting property that is unsuitable for occupancy.  The landlord may not accept rent or a security deposit for residential rental property condemned or declared unfit for human habitation by a state or local authority.

The landlord is liable to the tenant for actual damages and three times the amount of all money collected from the tenant after the date the property is condemned or declared unfit by state or local officials.  This includes court costs and attorney’s fees.  Actual damage can include items such as moving expenses, temporary lodging and other costs.  If a building is condemned, a landlord must return the tenant’s security deposit within five days after the tenant moves from the building, unless the tenant’s willful, malicious or irresponsible conduct cause the condemnation.

17. Disasters
Minnesota law states that if a building is either destroyed, or become unfit for human occupancy because of a natural disaster or the elements, the tenant is no required to pay rent to the landlord.  If a tenant moves out because the building is destroyed or unfit for habitation, then the landlord must return the security deposit within 21 days unless the building is condemned by a state or local authority, then the landlord must return the security deposit within five days.  (See above for an explanation of “condemned dwellings.”)  If the rental unit is habitable but needs repairs, the tenant may be eligible for a rent reduction during the time that the unit is being repaired.  The landlord is responsible for repairing the damaged rental property and maintaining other property included in the rental agreement, such as appliances or other furnishings.  Then tenant is responsible for his or her personal belongings.

18. Proper Notice
When the landlord or tenant ends the tenancy, he or she must abide by both the terms of the lease and by state law.  The notice requirements for periodic and definite term tenancies differ.

For Periodic Tenancies
If there is no provision in the lease stating how much advance notice must be given to end the tenancy, the written notice must be received by the other party at least one full rental period before the last day of the tenancy.  This means the day before the last rent payment is due.

For example, if a tenant who pays rent on the first day of each month(in a month-to-month periodic tenancy)wishes to leave at the end of June rental period begins.  No matter when during June the tenant actually leaves, the tenant is responsible for the entire month’s rent(July in this case).  Then tenant may not use the security deposit as the last month’s rent unless the lease permits it.

The proper notice provision also applies to the landlord.  If the landlord wants to end the tenancy, he or she must give the tenant advance written notice a least one day before that last rental period begins.  If the landlord misses the deadline, the tenancy is automatically extended for another month.

For Definite Term Tenancies
Procedures for ending this kind of tenancy are generally written into the lease.  Tenants with a definite term lease have to pay for the entire term no matter when they leave, unless the landlord agrees to accept new tenants who would take over the remaining payments.  But some term leases have provisions allowing then tenant to “break” the lease.  Often in such cases, then tenant is required to pay a “breaklease” fee- a sum of money and/ or the tenant’s security deposit.  Such fees must be reasonable in amount and reflect the actual loss the landlord can be expected to suffer if the tenant moves out early.

Some definite term leases spell out what kind of notice is needed to end the tenancy when the lease ends.  Typically this is a written notice presented 30 to 60 days before the lease ends.  Often such a requirement is part o f an automatic renewal provision.  Automatic renewal means if the tenant does not give notice he or she can be held an additional period of time-for example, one or two months.

But if the automatic renewal is for an extra two months or more, the landlord must give then tenant written notice and call the tenant’s attention to the automatic renewal provision.  If the landlord does not, the automatic renewal provision cannot be enforced.  The renewal notice must be given either personally or by registered or certified mail. It must be received by the tenant 15 to 30 days before the tenant has to give the landlord written notice to vacate.  The tenant may not use the security deposit as the last month’s rent unless the lease permits it.

Holdover Tenants
If there is no provision in the lease about what happens when the lease ends (for example, nothing is said about converting the tenancy to a month-to-month tenancy), the lease simply expires and the tenant becomes a “holdover tenant.”  At this point, unless the landlord agrees to continue then tenancy or a new lease is signed, the landlord can start eviction proceedings at any time and without notice. (See page 20 for laws covering eviction.)  However, once the landlord accepts a rent payment from the tenant after the tenancy term runs out, then by law, the tenancy is automatically renewed for another rental period and it becomes a periodic (usually month-to-month) tenancy.

Section 8
Section 8 is a federal rent assistance program that provides rent subsidy payments for low-income families renting privately-owned housing.  Under Section 8, a monthly rent subsidy payment is made to the owner and the tenant pays no more than 30 percent of the tenant’s income toward rent.  For more information on Section 8 and other housing subsidy programs, contact the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development, (612) 370-3000, or the local public housing authority listed in the telephone directory.

19. Three Day Notice During Winter
Tenants who are going to be permantely leaving their units between November 15 and April 15 must tell their landlord they are vacating at least three days before they move.  This allows the landlord time to take steps to make sure the pipes don’t freeze.  A tenant’s failure to notify the landlord is a misdemeanor.  Exceptions to this are cases where the unit’s pipes are not subject to freezing or where the tenant is leaving on the day the tenancy is supposed to end anyway.

20. Refund Of The Security Deposit
At the end of the tenancy, a landlord must return a tenant’s security deposit plus three percent interest, or give the tenant a written explanation as to why the deposit (or any part of the deposit) will no be returned.  The landlord must do this within 21 days after the day the tenancy ends(and the tenant has given the landlord a forwarding address).  If a tenant has to leave because the building is condemned, the landlord must return the deposit within five days after the tenant leaves, and after receipt of the tenant’s new address or delivery instructions, (unless the condemnation was due to the tenant’s willful, malicious or irresponsible conduct).  If the landlord does not return the deposit in the time allowed, the landlord must pay the tenant an amount equal to two times the amount of the deposit wrongfully with held, plus interest.  Minnesota law allows a landlord to withhold from a security deposit only the amount necessary for unpaid rent, damages to the rental unit beyond ordinary wear and tear, or other money the tenant owes to the landlord under an agreement.

When a landlord’s interest in the property ends(for example, because of death, foreclosure or contract for deed cancellations), the security deposit must be transferred to either the new owner or the tenant. This must be done within 60 days after the current landlord’s interest in the property ends or when the new landlord is required to return the security deposit under the rules discussed earlier, whichever is the earlier time.  It a landlord does not return or transfer the deposit, the court may penalize the landlord $200 for each deposit not returned or transferred.

Interest
Interest begins on the first day the month following the full payment of the deposit.  Interest runs to the last day of the month in which the landlord returns the deposit.  When a tenant has sued to recover a withheld deposit, interest would run to the day the judgment is entered in favor of the tenant.

Taking the Matter to Court
If a tenant does not get the deposit back, or is unsatisfied with the landlord’s explanation for keeping part or all of the deposit, the tenant can take the matter to court, (this is usually the conciliation court in the county where the rental property is located).  There, it is up to the landlord to justify his or her actions.

If the judge decide the landlord acted in “bad faith,” the tenant can be awarded up to $200 in punitive damages.  If a landlord ahs failed to provide a written explanation, the landlord must return the withheld deposit within tow weeks after the tenant has filed a complain in court, or the court will presume the landlord is acting in “bad faith.”

The law forbids tenants to use their security deposits to pay the rent.  Those tenants who do may be taken to court and may have to pay the landlord the amount of the rent withheld plus a penalty.  However,  before the landlord can take a tenant to court, the landlord must give the tenant a written demand for the rent and a notice that it is illegal to use the security deposit for the last rent payment.

Ramsey and Hennepin County District Courts appoint a referee to hold hearings and make recommended decisions. After the hearing in each case, the refereeÕs recommended findings and orders are sent to the district court judge. These become the findings and orders of the court when confirmed by the district judge. The landlord or tenant can ask the district court judge to review any order or finding recommended by the referee. The person who is requesting the review must file and serve (provide to the other party) a notice of the recommended order or finding. This must occur within 10 days. This notice must explain the reasons for requesting a review, and state the specific parts of the recommended findings or orders that are disputed. After receiving this notice, a time for the review hearing will be set. After the hearing the judge will decide whether to accept, reject or change the refereeÕs recommended decision.
Hennepin and Ramsey county landlords and tenants are encouraged to use the housing courts to resolve housing related disputes that they cannot work out themselves.

22. EVICTION
Unlawful Detainer Actions
With proper written notice a landlord can end a month-to-month tenancy unless the landlord is retaliating or discriminating against the tenant. (See Pages 23 and 26 for definitions of these terms.) Definite term leases can only be ended according to the notice specified in the lease, or if there has been a significant breach of the lease.

Landlords cannot forcibly remove tenants. In order to evict a tenant, a landlord must first bring an 'Unlawful Detainer' action against the tenant. This is a legal proceeding conducted in district court. To bring such an action the landlord must have a legitimate reason. According to state law, legitimate reasons can benonpayment of rent, or other breach of the lease, or cases where the tenant has refused to leave after noticeto vacate has been properly served and the tenancyÕs last day has passed. (141)

There are a number of steps both landlords and tenants must take in an Unlawful Detainer action:

1) The landlord must file a complaint against the tenant in district court. At least seven days before the
court date the landlord must have someone serve the tenant with a summons ordering the tenant to
appear in court. (142)
2) A court hearing must take place within seven to 14 days after the court issues the summons. At the
hearing, both tenant and landlord will be asked to give their sides of the story. (143)
3) The judge will then deliver a decision. If the judge decides the tenant has no legal reason for refusing to leave or pay the rent, the judge will order the tenant to vacate the rental unit. If necessary, the judge will order the sheriff to force the tenant out. If the tenant can show immediate eviction will cause substantialhardship, the court shall allow the tenant a reasonable period of time – up to one week – in which tomove. A tenant may not seek or receive a delay based on hardship if the tenant is causing a nuisance or seriously endangering the safety of other residents, their property, or the landlordÕs property. (144)

If the Unlawful Detainer has been brought because the tenant has not paid the rent, and the landlord wins, the tenant may pay the back rent plus costs and still remain in the unit. Payment must be made before the landlord takes back possession of the rental unit. If a tenant has paid the landlord or the court the amount of rent owed, but is unable to pay the interest, costs and attorneyÕs fees (limited to a maximum of $5), the court may permit the tenant to pay these amounts during the time period the court delays issuing a Writ of Restitution (eviction order). (145)

If the Unlawful Detainer has been brought because the tenant has withheld the rent due to disrepair, and the tenant wins, the judge may order that the rent be abated (reduced), in part or completely.

It should be understood that only a sheriff or sheriffÕs deputy can physically evict a tenant. The landlord cannot do this. A Writ of Restitution – which is issued at the time the decision is handed down – must be posted on the premises at least 24 hours before the actual eviction. The sheriff can show up to perform the eviction anytime after the 24 hours have expired. (146)

Storage of Personal Property
When the sheriff performs the eviction, the tenantÕs remaining property must either be stored on the premises or placed in storage in a bonded warehouse or other suitable storage place. (147)
In cases where the tenantÕs property will be stored on the premises, the landlord must prepare an inventory that is signed and dated in the presence of a police officer. A copy of the inventory must be mailed to the tenant at the tenantÕs last known address, or to an address provided by the tenant. (148) The inventory must include the following:

1) A listing of the items of personal property, and a description of the condition of that property. (149)
2) The date, the signature of the landlord, and the name and telephone number of the person authorized to release the property. (150)
3) The name and badge number of the police officer. (151)

The officer must keep a copy of the inventory. The landlord must remove, store and take care of the
tenantÕs property. The landlord is liable for damages to, or loss of, the tenantÕs personal property.
The landlord should notify the tenant of the date and approximate time the officer is scheduled to remove the tenant and the tenantÕs personal property from the premises. The notice should be sent by first class mail. The landlord should also make a good faith effort to notify the tenant by telephone, explicitly informing the tenant that the tenant and the tenantÕs property will be removed from the premises if the tenant has not vacated by the time specified in the notice. (152) According to Minnesota law, this provision may not be waived or modified by any oral or written lease or other agreement. (153)

To Get the Property Back
When the tenant's personal property is stored on the premises, the tenant may contact the landlord in
writing to demand that the property be returned.

When the tenant's property is stored away from the premises (at a bonded warehouse or other suitable
storage place) the landlord has a lien (legal claim) on the tenantÕs personal property for the reasonable
costs of removing, transporting, and storing the property. The landlord can keep the property until the
landlord's expenses are paid. (154)

Whether the tenant's property is stored on or away from the premises, to get the property back the tenantdoes not have to pay any unpaid rent, security deposit, late charges, or court costs. The landlord can suethe tenant in court for these costs.

Eviction for Illegal Activities
Every oral or written residential lease now includes a requirement that the following activities will not be
allowed on the premises: making, selling, possessing, purchasing or allowing illegal drugs; illegally using
or possessing firearms; or allowing prostitution or related activities. (155) A tenant violating this law
loses the right to the rental property. An unlawful detainer action filed by a landlord to evict a tenant for
these reasons will be heard within five to seven days (rather than the ususal seven to 14 days.) (156)
If illegal drugs or contraband valued at more than $100 are seized from the property, the landlord, upon being notified, (157) has 15 days to file to evict the tenant, or ask the county attorney to do so. (158)

Landlords receiving notice of a second such occurrence involving the same tenant may forfeit their property unless they have filed to evict the tenant or asked the county attorney to do so. (159) Forfeiture of the property may occur if the value of the controlled substance is $1,000 or more, or there have been two previous controlled substance seizures involving the same tenant. (160)

The tenant has a defense against eviction if the tenant has no knowledge of, or reason to know about, the drugs or contraband, or could not prevent them from being brought onto the premises. (161)
The landlord has a defense if the landlord was not notified of the seizure or had made every reasonable
attempt to evict a tenant or to assign the county attorney that right. If the property is owned by a parent of the offender, the rental property cannot be forfeited simply based on the ownerÕs knowledge of unlawful drug use unless the parent actively participated in, or knowingly allowed the unlawful activity, or the rental property was purchased with unlawful drug proceeds. (162)

Seizure of Property
Unlawful sale or possession of illegal drugs or alcohol within a building, repeated seizures of illegal drugs within a building, or repeated arrests for illegal drug offenses within a building are now a public nuisance.(163) A city attorney, county attorney, or the attorney general may file an abatement action against the landlord, and if the nuisance is not corrected, ask the court to seize the building. (164)

23. RETALIATION
A landlord cannot evict a tenant or end a tenancy in retaliation for the tenantÕs Ògood faithÓ attempt to enforce the tenantÕs rights. Neither can a landlord respond to such an attempt by raising the tenant's rent, cutting services, or otherwise adversely changing the rental terms. If a tenant has, for instance, reported the landlord to a governmental agency for violating health, safety, housing, or building codes, the landlord cannot try to Òget evenÓ by evicting the tenant.

If, within 90 days of a tenantÕs action, the landlord starts an eviction action by giving the tenant a notice to vacate, the law presumes that the landlord is retaliating. It will then be up to the landlord to prove the eviction is not retaliatory. But if the landlord's notice to vacate comes more than 90 days after a tenant exercises the tenant's rights, it will be up to the tenant to prove the eviction was retaliatory. These provisions apply even to oral rental agreements. (165)

24. UNLAWFUL EXCLUSIONS AND PROPERTY CONFISCATION
It is a misdemeanor for a landlord to physically lock out a tenant from the tenantÕs rental unit or otherwise preclude a tenant from living there (for example, by removing locks, doors, or windows from the rental unit) without a court order. A tenant who has been unlawfully locked out may petition the district court to get back in. The petition must:
1) Give a description of the rental unit. (166)
2) Give the owner's name. (167)
3) State the facts that make the lockout or exclusion unlawful. (168)
4) Request that the tenant be given possession of the unit. (169)

If the court agrees with the tenant, it will order a police officer to help the tenant get back in. If the court decides the landlord knew (or should have known) that the lockout or other exclusion was unlawful, the court may order the landlord to pay the tenant up to triple damages or $500, whichever is greater, plus reasonable attorney's fees. (170)

Also, a landlord cannot cart away or keep a tenant's belongings for nonpayment of rent or other charges. If a tenant finds the landlord has taken the tenant's property, the tenant can get them back by demanding, in writing, that they be returned. The landlord has 24 hours to return them (48 hours if they are somewhere other than the building). If they aren't returned, the landlord may be sued in conciliation court where the landlord may be ordered not only to give the property back, but to pay the tenant punitive damages of up to $300 in addition to actual damages (such as the cost of storage, hauling, physical damage or replacement) and reasonable attorney's fees. (171)

25. LEASE VIOLATION AND OUTSTANDING RENT CASES

In trying to evict a tenant, a landlord may combine two claims: (1) the tenant owes past rent, and (2) the tenant broke the lease.

In a case where the landlord claims the tenant owes past rent, the tenant does not have to pay into court the unpaid rent to defend against a claim that the tenant broke the lease.

If the landlord loses on the claim that the tenant broke the lease, but the landlord has also claimed the tenant owes past rent, the tenant can present defenses why the tenant doesn't owe the past rent.

If the court determines the tenant does owe at least some of the past rent, the tenant shall be given up to seven days to pay the rent. The court can order the tenant to pay the rent, and any costs, either directly to the landlord or to be deposited with the court.

26. UTILITY SHUT-OFFS
A landlord may not unlawfully shut off a tenant's utilities. To do so with an intent to make the tenant move out is a misdemeanor. (172)

If a landlord has unlawfully cut off utility services, a tenant can sue the landlord in court to recover triple  damages or $500, whichever is greater, plus reasonable attorney's fees. However, a tenant may recover only actual damages if:
1) In the beginning, the tenant failed to notify the landlord of the interruption of utilities. (173)
2) The landlord, once notified, had the services reinstated within a reasonable time or made a good faith effort to do so. (174)
3) The cutoff was necessary to repair or correct equipment or to protect the health and safety of the
tenants. (175)

Tenants, finding their utility service cut off, should notify the landlord immediately. (176) If service is not  restored within a reasonable time, they should notify a housing inspector (if there is one available). A  tenant may bring an emergency action in court if the landlord unlawfully cuts off utilities. (177)

Loss of Essential Services
When a landlord has contracted to pay for utilities but fails to pay and the utility company gives notice that services will be cut off, or if the utilities are shut off, the tenant or a group of tenants may pay to have the services continued or reconnected and may deduct that payment from their rent. But the tenant(s) must follow certain steps. The tenant must notify the landlord either orally or in writing of the tenantÕs intention to pay the utility if, after 48 hours, the landlord fails to pay. Under certain circumstances, the notice period can be shorter. For example, if the furnace stops in the middle of winter because of a lack of fuel that the landlord was supposed to provide, less than a 48 hour notice is considered reasonable. If the landlord is notified orally, written notice must be mailed or delivered to the landlord within 24 hours after the oral notice. (178)

If the landlord has not paid the natural gas, electricity, or water utility, and the service remains disconnected, the tenant may pay the amount due for the most recent billing period. (179) If the disconnected service is heating oil or propane, and the service has not been reconnected, the tenant may order and pay for a one- month supply. (180)

If the tenant wishes to take responsibility to pay for the utility services, the tenant should establish an
account in the tenantÕs name. Then, each month the tenant would provide receipts to the landlord and
deduct from the next rental payment the amount paid to restore and pay for these utility services. By law,any payments made to a utility provider in this manner must be considered the same as rent paid to the landlord. (181) Utilities include natural gas, water, electricity, home heating oil and propane. (182) This law applies to allutility providers, including municipalities and cooperatives that in most cases are not regulated by the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission. (183) The utility cannot collect payment from the tenant for the landlord's old bills. Also, the utility may not refuse service to a tenant due to the landlord's failure to pay old bills. (184)

27. COLD WEATHER RULE
Regulated Utilities
The Minnesota Public Utilities Commission developed the Cold Weather Rule to protect a tenant (or
homeowner) from having their heat source disconnected in winter if they are unable to pay their utility
bills. (185) The rule is in effect from October 15 through April 15 and applies to utilities regulated by the state. (186) The Cold Weather Rule does not prevent a landlord from evicting a tenant, or refusing to renew a lease that expires during this 'cold weather' season.The Cold Weather Rule does not prohibit shut-offs but does provide four levels of protection: 1) ReconnectionPlan (187); 2) Inability to Pay status (188); 3) Ten Percent Plan (189); and 4) Payment Schedule (190). In order to qualify for the Reconnection Plan, Inability to Pay status or the Ten Percent Plan, a tenantÕs annual
income must not be more than 185 percent of the federal poverty level (current poverty level is $15,455 for a family of four, so income must be less than $28,591.75 to qualify for these plans) and the tenant must be willing to set up and keep to a payment plan. Eligibility for Inability to Pay status requires the tenant to have a current account as of October 15 when the Cold Weather Rule season begins. Any residential customer, regardless of income or account status, may qualify for a payment schedule. (191)

To qualify for any of these levels of protection you must work with your utility provider. For more
information about eligibility, or about applying for protection under the Cold Weather Rule, contact your local utility or call the Consumer Affairs Office of the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission (PUC) at (651) 296-0406 or 1-800-657-3782. The TTY number is (651) 297-1200. If you meet low-income guidelines, you may also be eligible for federal energy assistance funds. There are other governmental and private agencies that also offer financial assistance. Your utility company or the PUC can help you get in touch with these programs.

Unregulated Utilities
Customers of unregulated utilities – cooperative electric associations and municipal utilities – also have
some protection against having their heat source disconnected in the winter. (192) A municipal utility or a cooperative electric association cannot shut off the service of a residential customer between October 15 and April 15 if:

1) The disconnection would affect the primary heat source. (193)
2) The customer has declared an inability to pay on forms provided by the utility. (194)
3) The household income of the customer is less than 185 percent of the federal poverty level. (195)
4) The customer has no overdue bills from the billing period immediately before October 15 (or, if there was an overdue bill, the customer had arranged with the utility to repay it and is reasonably current in making scheduled payments under the repayment plan). (196)
Regulations for Disconnection
Without receipt of a written disconnection notice, a customerÕs utility service cannot be shut off. The
consumer must be informed of the date that disconnection will occur, the reason for disconnection, and
options to avoid disconnection. The notice must be written in easy-to-understand language. For regulated utilities, the notice must be issued at least five days prior to disconnection, excluding Sundays and legal holidays. (197)

If a tenantÕs service is from an unregulated utility, notice of disconnection must be given 20 days prior to disconnection if the notice is mailed. The notice must be given 15 days prior to disconnection if the notice is personally delivered to the customer. Disconnection may not happen on a Friday or the day before a holiday. (198)
 

28. TENANT'S RIGHT TO A TAX CREDIT
Minnesota law gives tenants (depending on income and amount of rent paid) a partial refund for the property taxes they pay indirectly through their rent. To be eligible a tenant must be a renter in a property tax-paying unit. But if the tenant is renting from the government, or a private college, some other person, or other entity not required to pay taxes, or make payments in lieu of taxes, the tenant is not eligible for a refund.

To claim the credit, the tenant must file with the Minnesota Department of Revenue a property tax refund return form (M-1RP) and include with it a Òcertificate of rent paidÓ (CRP) that the landlord must supply to the renter by January 31 of each year. If there is a disagreement between the tenant and the landlord over how rent was paid, or if the landlord fails to provide a certificate of rent paid form, a 'Rent Paid Affidavit can be requested from the Minnesota Department of Revenue. The property tax refund return must be filed with the Department of Revenue by August 15. Questions may be directed to the department at (651) 296-3781, or 1-800-652-9094. (199)

29. DISCRIMINATION
According to Minnesota law, landlords cannot legally refuse to sell, rent or lease housing to potential
tenants, or have different rental terms, on the basis of race, color, creed, religion, national origin, sex,
marital status, sexual or affectional orientation, disability, or reliance on public assistance. (200) There is one exception to this: an owner living in a one-family unit may refuse to rent part of the premises on the basis of sex, marital status, sexual or affectional orientation, disability, or reliance on public assistance. (201)
Likewise, a landlord, for discriminatory reasons, cannot decrease services that have been promised in the lease. (202) It is also illegal for landlords to discriminate against people with children (this is also called 'familial status'). But there are some important exceptions to this prohibition. Landlords can refuse to rent to persons with children when:
1) The vacancy is an owner-occupied house, duplex, triplex or fourplex. (203)
2) The purpose of the building is to provide housing for elderly persons. (204)

To qualify for the second exemption the housing must:
1) Be provided under a state or federal program that is specifically designed and operated to assist elderly persons. (205)
2) Be intended for and solely occupied by persons 62 years of age or older. (206)
3) Be intended and operated for occupancy by at least one person 55 years of age or older per unit. When this latter circumstance is met, there must also be significant facilities or services designed to meet the physical or social needs of the elderly (or provide important housing opportunities for the elderly), at least 80 percent of the units must be occupied by one person 55 years of age or older per unit, and there must be the publication of, and adherence to, policies and procedures that demonstrate an intent to provide such housing. (207)

Complaints about discrimination should be filed with the Minnesota Department of Human Rights, 500
Bremer Building, 7th Place and Minnesota St., St. Paul, MN 55101; (651) 296-5663, or toll free, 1-800-657-3704. In Minneapolis, St. Paul, and some other locations, such complaints may also be filed with municipal civil or human rights departments. (208)

30. HANDICAPPED-ACCESSIBLE UNIT

Minnesota law now requires that a disabled person, or a family with a disabled family member, must be
given priority to handicapped-equipped rental housing. This law provides that if a non-disabled person, or a family that does not include a disabled person, is living in a handicapped-equipped unit, the owner must offer to rent a non-handicapped-equipped apartment to that person or family if:
1) A disabled person or a family with a disabled family member who will reside in the apartment has
signed a rental agreement for the handicapped-equipped apartment. (209)
2) A similar non-handicapped-equipped apartment in the same rental housing complex is available at the same rent. (210)

The law requires that the owner must inform non-disabled people and families that do not include a disabled family member of the possibility that they may have to move to a non-handicapped-equipped rental unit. This information must be provided before an agreement is made to rent an equipped unit. (211)

31. LANDLORD DISCLOSURE
Landlords must provide their tenants, in writing, with the name and address of:
1) The person authorized to manage the premises. (212)
2) The owner of the premises or the ownerÕs authorized agent (the person or entity that will be receiving any notices or demands). (213)

The addresses given should be something more detailed than a post office box number. The disclosure can be inserted in the rental agreement or in the lease or can be put in some other written form. But it must also be printed or typed and posted by the landlord in some clearly visible place on the premises. (214) The disclosure is important because the tenant must have a way of contacting the landlord or agent when repairs are needed or other problems arise. Also, a landlord cannot take any legal action against a tenant to recover rent or to evict unless the disclosure has been given. (215)
Tenants who move out of a rental unit, or sublet their unit without giving the owner 30 daysÕ written notice, lose the protection of the disclosure law. (216)

32. SUBLEASING
Subleasing means another person Òtakes overÓ a tenantÕs unit by moving into the unit, paying rent and doing all the things the original tenant agreed to do under the rental agreement. If nothing in the lease prohibits subletting, then the tenant can sublet. This means that the new tenant takes over the old tenant's duties, including paying the rent. It is best to get these agreements in writing and signed by both parties. Still, if the new tenant does not pay the rent, or if the new tenant damages the unit or leaves before the lease is up, the original tenant will be responsible to the landlord for any damage or unpaid rent. The original tenant can sue the new tenant for these costs. Most leases say the tenant can sublet only if the landlord agrees to it. If the tenant and landlord agree to sublet, it is best to get this agreement in writing.

33. ABANDONED PROPERTY
Any personal property a tenant leaves behind after moving out must first be stored by the landlord. The
landlord can collect from the tenant all moving and storage costs. But the tenant can get his or her property back before paying the moving and storage costs. If the tenant refuses to pay the moving and storage costs the landlord can sue the tenant to recover those costs. (217) The landlord has 24 hours after receiving a request from a tenant to return a tenantÕs personal property (48 hours if stored in another location). This period does not include weekends or holidays. (218)

Sixty days after the landlord has either received a notice of abandonment, or it has become reasonably
apparent that the unit has been abandoned, the landlord may sell or get rid of the property in whatever way the landlord wishes. The landlord must make a reasonable effort, however, to contact the tenant at least two weeks before the sale of the items, to let the tenant know they are being sold or disposed of.
The landlord must do this either by personally giving the tenant a written notice of the sale or by sending the notice by certified mail (return receipt requested) to the tenantÕs last known address or likely living quarters if that is known by the landlord. The landlord must also post a notice of the sale in a clearly
visible place on the premises for at least two weeks before the sale.

The landlord may use a reasonable amount of the money from the sale to pay for the costs of removing and storing the property, back rent, damages caused by the tenant, and other debts the tenant owes the landlord under an agreement. Money earned in excess of the landlordÕs costs belongs to the tenant, if the tenant has written and asked for it. The landlord may not withhold the tenantÕs property pending payment of any rent that may be owing. If the tenant has asked for the property back before the 60 day waiting period ends, the landlord must give the property back. (219)
The landlord must return the tenantÕs property within 24 hours after the tenantÕs written demand, or 48 hours (not counting weekends and holidays) if the landlord has moved the tenantÕs property somewhere other than the building. If the landlord or the landlordÕs agent does not allow the tenant to reclaim the property after the tenant has written for it, the tenant may sue for a penalty not to exceed $300 plus any damages the tenant suffered plus reasonable attorneyÕs fees. (220)

34. EXPANDED DEFINITION OF 'TENANT'
Caretakers and other individuals who exchange their services (instead of money) for rent are now
considered tenants. As such, these individuals are entitled to all rights and remedies provided to tenants
by law. (221)

35. SMOKING IN COMMON AREAS
Minnesota's Clean Indoor Air Act prohibits smoking in all common areas within apartment buildings.
(222)